I had an instructive moment in my education well after I left the educational institutions at which I’d been vacationing (“all work and no play,” right?): I was working at a bookstore, naturally, as I was “between” my eight or nine Clinton-approved careers (there are no right-left divides when it comes to power, people), where one of the managers was a great reader of review journals (as befits a bookstore manager as one who might find it expedient and an aid to “talking” books rather than reading them). One day he pointed out a review of a book on Whitman. He was excited by the review as it was by David Reynolds and he had liked Reynolds’ book Beneath the American Renaissance. His wisdom was that we really should be aware of WHO was writing the review as much (or more than) as what the review actually stated.
I had a flashback to a history course I took in college (pass/fail primarily because I was there under duress to be with my then-girlfriend who was a history major). I was passing until the final paper for which I actually received an “F.” This had never occurred to me in all my school days. I approached the professor during office hours…”how, why, change it?!” He explained that my sources were shit. This baffled me. (The paper was written well, I knew, as I had the aforementioned girlfriend serving for the time as editor.) What? He clarified without clarifying–these were untrustworthy books I’d read and used. How in the world should I know that, I asked, and added, these are in our library! He spoke slowly to me as he explained further as it was clear I would need remedial help. These are not reputable authors, and that you might not know, but these are also not reputable publishers. Still I was a bit baffled. But these are in our library, I muttered, why did they buy them? He agreed to let me rewrite it using other sources.
Readers of any kind of polemic should always be on guard: there is, as some folks say of Jesus, “a reason for the season.” A polemic works by offering a proposition that we might term a solution to an issue or problem and in order to bolster the perception of viability for the answer proposed the polemicist offers a kind of exemplary narrative. The “Why” of the “What” or “How,” so to speak. The “truth function” of this narrative is often, if not always, specious.
Morse Peckham, whose work I am obsessed with lately and likely misusing–you should not trust me as I am often a polemicist–, might simply call this an Explanation and an Example. Thus, as with the reason for the season, any god is an Explanation…examples, however, are hard to come by, and when examined (tested, assessed, measured…) the cookie crumbles.
Amanda Ripley, the author of several “reform” polemics including her most recent featured in The Atlantic’s “Special Report” on school reform, has proposed a problem, Teachers are not evaluated properly or, to use a polemical commonplace term, “truly.” This is really a “sub-problem.” The fact of this article’s appearance in this magazine within its pamphlet presentation makes its primary problem more easily restated as, What are the possible mechanisms to terminate existing educational labor?
Teachers of literature and “language arts” (I’m not exactly sure what that term means–perhaps “linguistic strategies” might be more instructive) will be very familiar with one rather necessary tactic to model in order for the children (and adults) to read well: noticing context clues. This is a tactic used most often in schoolrooms to help students make “educated” guesses regarding unfamiliar words. That is to seek out definitional parameters of unknown terms using the words around the term. This is not an easy task, actually. One tends to understand the kind of meaning a term “should” relate, but it’s very easy to be wrong, and often very wrong. One might also not know the meaning of several words in a text thus making it impossible for the text to stimulate a response other than bafflement.
But, that is not our first tactic “deployed” in “defending” ourselves against polemical attack. (A polemic can, I think, normally be conceived of as an aggressive mode of persuasion and the military metaphor seems apt to me.)
Our first task rather is to try to “situate” the item we’re reading contextually. For example, I have, via “pre-reading” (described in Part I of this dissection) determined that the primary meaning of the pages contained in this “Special Report” will be “schools need reform.” Reform often first must “deform” (polemically speaking) one’s current conceptions of a subject. The primary subject here is “School.” In order for “School” to mean something “new” or different, or rather, in order to change a common understanding of “School” as a term that subsumes many other terms, the polemicist will have to devalue current cultural assumptions regarding the “parts” that make up the “whole” of the subject.
Ripley is herself a context clue and we must pre-read her before we read her polemic. First, her bio at the New America Foundation (I wrote a little concerning the polemical bent of the NAF in a post on Minecraft at the Errant) lets us know she writes a lot for magazines controlled by powerful corporate interests–Time and The Atlantic seem the biggest ones to me: the “everyman” rag and the “collegiate” class rag. But I love the first line most: “Ripley is an investigative journalist who writes about human behavior and public policy.” First, I think we should stress that one cannot be a “journalist” when “think-tank” funded. This is rather, our word of the day, a polemicist. Next, as Amanda Ripley has zero in her bio about how she comes to be “knowledgable” regarding human “behavior” we might assume she thinks she “studies” people and creates narratives to describe her understanding of behavior. But there is no indication that she does this in any kind of scholarly or scientific way. She does this in an “interested” way–as the bio and her list of publications AND soon-to-be released book on “education” called The Smart Kids Club (autobiographical?). Her “interest” is then put to work in “policy” creation based on her “study” of behavior. She then popularizes these “social science” fictions via national outlets of extensive reach. Here are some titles to articles she promote at the NAF bio site to fill out our understanding of her work: Training Teachers to Embrace Reform (WSJ); Boot Camp for Teachers (Atlantic); Teacher, Leave Those Kids Alone (Time); Your Child Left Behind (Atlantic). I think you get the idea.
Not included at NAF but listed on her personal promotional site:
Perhaps these two are not proper examples of the NAF explanation for reform.
Seems plausible that we really don’t need to read a word of Amanda Ripley’s writing to understand her polemic. But, one supposes one should, just this once, so as to dismiss her name and her work forever after. And having read any of these I’m sure you would be ready to pronounce on her impending tome.
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Ripley sets the polemical tone in the abstract that precedes the article proper. This is actually the whole argument in just five sweet sentences.
A decade ago, an economist at Harvard, Ronald Ferguson, wondered what would happen if teachers were evaluated by the people who see them every day—their students. The idea—as simple as it sounds, and as familiar as it is on college campuses—was revolutionary. And the results seemed to be, too: remarkable consistency from grade to grade, and across racial divides. Even among kindergarten students. A growing number of school systems are administering the surveys—and might be able to overcome teacher resistance in order to link results to salaries and promotions.
Economist, Harvard, Evaluation, Students, Revolutionary (though familiar and simple), Results (seeming), No Racial Bias (poverty), Systemic Adoption, UNION-resistance, “MERIT” Rewards (not stated–punishments, i.e., termination). Hitting the agitprop highlights.
Note too: even kids who are nearly babies can pick the wheat from the chaff!
Now that I’m prepared for revolutionary findings (primed for belief) I can read this revealing description of human behavior as it leads to policy.
But, let’s play another writer/reader game: Let’s look at the set-up and the closing.
Opening:
Nubia Baptiste had spent some 665 days at her Washington, D.C., public school by the time she walked into second period on March 27, 2012. She was an authority on McKinley Technology High School. She knew which security guards to befriend and where to hide out to skip class (try the bleachers). She knew which teachers stayed late to write college recommendation letters for students; she knew which ones patrolled the halls like guards in a prison yard, barking at kids to disperse.
If someone had asked, she could have revealed things about her school that no adult could have known. Once Nubia got talking, she had plenty to say. But until that morning of her senior spring, no one had ever asked.
Would you believe me if I told you someone was about to ask Nubia some very important and revealing questions?
Do you believe Nubia Baptiste revealed all of this to our intrepid investigator? What sorts of questions must Star Journalist ask to elicit appropriate (useable in magazine polemic) responses?
Closing:
When I called Nubia Baptiste over the summer with the survey results, she was not surprised. “Everybody knows the good teachers from the ones who don’t really want to be in the job,” she said. When I started describing the huge variation between teachers, she interrupted me. “I lived the dynamic,” she said.
Nubia was on her way to Temple University, where she was considering studying science or engineering. Having personally witnessed many of the recent reforms in D.C., she was wise to what mattered most.
“I don’t care about the results,” she said. “I care about the change the results bring. If I come back in five years and some crappy teacher is still sitting at that crappy desk, then what was the point of the survey?”
Indeed, Nubia, indeed. Everybody knows, and Nubia is our fictional “exemplar” who will represent this proffered explanation for a way to introduce an absolutely useless and biased “measure” into a labor environment that is increasingly harried by the bullies of state and power. But Nubia tells Amanda’s/David G. Bradley’s/NAF’s story and gives her instruction, “what matters most:” getting rid of crappy teachers who sit at crappy desks. (Do the good ones sit at nice desks, or even sit at all?)
I don’t really have the energy to take you through the 4,000 words. But I do have some favorite admissions.
In towns around the country this past school year, a quarter-million students took a special survey designed to capture what they thought of their teachers and their classroom culture. Unlike the vast majority of surveys in human history, this one had been carefully field-tested. That research had shown something remarkable: if you asked kids the right questions, they could identify, with uncanny accuracy, their most—and least—effective teachers.
So, we started with already “graded” instructors–what’s the “effective/ineffective” benchmark that the kids are “accurate” to reflect? Doesn’t this already beg to many questions to list?
“There are some students, knuckleheads who will just mess the survey up and not take it seriously,” Ferguson [the Harvard Economist] says, “but they are very rare.” Students who don’t read the questions might give the same response to every item. But when Ferguson recently examined 199,000 surveys, he found that less than one-half of 1 percent of students did so in the first 10 questions. Kids, he believes, find the questions interesting, so they tend to pay attention. And the “right” answer is not always apparent, so even kids who want to skew the results would not necessarily know how to do it.
There it is again…polling questions. Haven’t the innumerable horserace election programs taught us all this…polling questions are already ANSWERS in the guise of questions?
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Just an fyi:
The Atlantic web page for this article tells me there are no Google+ recommendations but 3,000 Facebook recommendations.
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Oh, I suppose it’s not a surprise that this is Gates-Funded research.
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But, in truth, there does seem to be common sense here (not science, I know) from which we might learn something.
Of the 36 items included in the Gates Foundation study, the five that most correlated with student learning were very straightforward:
1. Students in this class treat the teacher with respect.2. My classmates behave the way my teacher wants them to.3. Our class stays busy and doesn’t waste time.4. In this class, we learn a lot almost every day.5. In this class, we learn to correct our mistakes.
When Ferguson and Kane shared these five statements at conferences, teachers were surprised. They had typically thought it most important to care about kids, but what mattered more, according to the study, was whether teachers had control over the classroom and made it a challenging place to be. As most of us remember from our own school days, those two conditions did not always coexist: some teachers had high levels of control, but low levels of rigor.
How do we not agree with this? However, the reasons that a class “fails” the test of these five “super-correlations” must be innumerable. Here are three: bad teachers, bad students, bad schools.
Now all we have to do is figure out how to correlate out the right ones and we’re headed toward managerial utopia.
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A brief closing aside: as Ripley notes in her abstract, student-grading of professors is common-place. Here is an article by Mark Edmundson (who I must admit is the author of a favorite study on Emerson included in his book Towards Reading Freud) on that very thing back in 1997: “On the uses of a liberal education: as lite entertainment for bored college students.“ A college student getting a liberal arts education ponders filling out a questionnaire that includes an opportunity for him to evaluate his instructor. At times it appears that the purpose of his education is just to entertain him.
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Finally, what does letting the “consumer review”decide the quality of education and the quality of instructor tell us about our culture?
Photo: New America Foundation
reform are all very conservative, very anti-progressive ideas. Look no further than TFA’s list of supporters/donors. The largest donations are from groups likethe Walton Foundation, of Walmart fortune, which has a vested interest in the status quo of inequality, breaking unions, and keeping wages low and workers oppressed. Or notice the many partnerships with JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, and Bank of America, the very institutions which caused the financial collapse and threw millions of Americans-including your future students’ families-into foreclosure, bankruptcy, and deeper poverty. These organizations choose to donate to TFA because TFA supports their agendas. If TFA was truly pushing back on the status quo of educational inequality, these types of donors would not only refuse financial support, they would be attacking a group which threatens their earning potential.
till TFA requires districts to hand over thousands of dollars per recruit and pay a full, first-year teacher salary. TFA also lobbies state governments to give up millions in precious funding and convinced the Federal Department of Education to give up tens of millions to this organization. With over 250 million dollars in reserves, TFA still never offers to pay CM salaries to help struggling districts or waive “finder’s fees” for a vast majority of placements. Luckily, some states are finally pushing back.
